| Key Terms | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chapter 1 | |
| activities of daily living (ADLs) | Self-care activities people perform daily to remain independent and to function in society. p. 4 |
| advocate | To speak or act on behalf of another person or group of people. p. 3 |
| caring | Concern for clients’ and their families’ dignity, independence, preferences, privacy, and safety at all times. True caring requires honesty, sensitivity, comforting, discretion, and respect while showing this concern. p. 16 |
| client | A general term for any person receiving care or support services in a community setting: hospital patients, facility residents, and clients in the community. p. 9 |
| client-centred care | Care that demonstrates concern for the dignity, independence, individualized care, preferences, privacy, and safety (DIPPS) of clients and their families at all times. Also known as compassionate care or person-centred care. p. 16 |
| compassionate care | See client-centred care. p. 16 |
| confidentiality | Respecting, guarding, and using discretion in regard to personal and private information about another person. p. 14 |
| critical thinking | The ability to think clearly and logically, using reflection and reason, based on knowledge obtained from experience, observation, or education. p. 13 |
| dignity | The state of feeling worthy, valued, and respected. p. 15 |
| DIPPS | An acronym for the six principles of client-centred care (also known as compassionate care or person-centred care): dignity, independence, individualized care, preferences, privacy, and safety. p. 16 |
| discretion | The use of responsible judgement to avoid causing distress or embarrassment to a person. p. 14 |
| empathy | The ability to recognize, perceive, and have an understanding of another person’s emotions by seeing things from his or her viewpoint. p. 3 |
| instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) | The complex skills needed to successfully live independently. p. 4 |
| licensed practical nurse (LPN) | A health care provider licensed and regulated by the province or territory to carry out nursing techniques and provide client care. Known as a registered practical nurse (RPN) in Ontario. p. 13 |
| live-in facility | A facility that provides living accommodations and services; includes assisted-living facilities, long-term care facilities, group homes, and retirement residences. p. 9 |
| patient | A person receiving care in a hospital setting. Also known as a client. p. 9 |
| primary care nurse | A primary care nurse is responsible for the ongoing management of the health of a client. Duties include liaising with other health care team members, the client, and her or his family. p. 13 |
| professionalism | An approach to work that demonstrates respect for others, commitment, competence, and appropriate behaviour. p. 14 |
| reflective practice review | A review and self-evaluation of care provided with the goal of identifying ways to improve clinical performance and caregiving. p. 13 |
| registered nurse (RN) | A health care provider who is licensed and regulated by the province or territory to maintain overall responsibility for the planning and provision of client care. p. 13 |
| registered practical nurse (RPN) | See licensed practical nurse (LPN). p. 13 |
| registered psychiatric nurse (RPN) | A nurse who is educated and registered in his or her own province to provide care specifically to individuals whose primary needs relate to mental, emotional, and developmental health. p. 12 |
| rehabilitation | The process of restoring a person to the highest possible level of functioning through the use of therapy, exercise, or other methods. p. 10 |
| resident | A person living in a live-in facility (often called a long-term care facility). p. 9 |
| scope of practice | The limit and extent of a health care worker’s role as determined by your province’s educational standards and your employer’s policies in order to protect clients from harm. Scope of practice in a health care field varies from province to province and employer to employer. p. 12 |
| social reintegration | See social support. p. 3 |
| social support | Equipping a person with the skills and knowledge necessary to successfully live independently outside an institution. Also known as social reintegration. p. 3 |
| support worker | A health care worker who provides services to people, both in facilities and in the community, who need help with their daily activities. p. 3 |
| unregulated care providers (UCPs) | A broad term applied to staff members who assist nurses and other health care providers in giving care. p. 10 |
| Chapter 2 | |
| accessibility | A principle of the Canada Health Act that states that people must have reasonable access to insured health care services. p. 22 |
| benefits | Types of assistance that are provided through available insurance premiums. An example of a benefit is a dental procedure without any additional cost to the consumer. p. 30 |
| Canada Health Act (1984) | Federal legislation that clarifies the types of health care services that are insured; it outlines five principles (comprehensiveness, universality, portability, accessibility, and public administration) that must be met by provinces and territories to qualify for federal health care funding. p. 21 |
| comprehensiveness | A principle of the Canada Health Act that states that all necessary health services, including hospitalization and access to physicians and surgical dentists, must be insured. p. 22 |
| disease prevention | Strategies that prevent the occurrence of disease or injury. p. 31 |
| health promotion | A strategy for improving the population’s health by providing the necessary information and tools for individuals, groups, and communities to make informed decisions that promote health and wellness. p. 31 |
| home care | Health care and support services provided to people in their places of residence. p. 27 |
| medicare | Canada’s national health care insurance system, which publicly funds the whole cost of medically necessary health services for permanent residents. p. 21 |
| portability | A principle of the Canada Health Act that states that residents continue to be entitled to coverage from their home province even when they live in a different province or territory or outside the country. p. 21 |
| primary health care delivery | The first point of contact people have with the health care system. It could be through a doctor, a nurse, or another health care provider or perhaps through phone- or computer-based services. p. 25 |
| public administration | A principle of the Canada Health Act that states that provincial health insurance must be administered by a public authority on a nonprofit basis. p. 22 |
| secondary health care delivery | An intermediate level of health care that includes diagnosis and treatment. It is performed in a hospital that has specialized equipment and laboratory facilities. p. 26 |
| telehealth | Medical telephone call centres through which nurses give advice to callers about health concerns. p. 26 |
| tertiary health care delivery | The specialized, highly technical level of health care that takes place in large research and teaching hospitals. p. 26 |
| traditional healing | Health practices, approaches, knowledge, and beliefs that incorporate Indigenous healing and wellness while using ceremonies; plant, animal or mineral-based medicines; energetic therapies; or physical/hands-on techniques. p. 24 |
| universality | A principle of the Canada Health Act that states that all residents are entitled to the same basic level of health care services across the country. p. 22 |
| Chapter 3 | |
| acute care | Health care that is provided for a relatively short time (usually days to weeks) and is intended to diagnose and treat an immediate health issue. p. 36 |
| acute illness | An illness or disability that appears suddenly and lasts for a short period, usually less than 3 months. p. 36 |
| adult day centre | See community day program. p. 41 |
| adult day program | See community day program. p. 41 |
| assisted-living facility | A live-in facility where residents live in their own apartments and are provided support services (also called supportive housing facilities). A retirement home is one type of assisted-living facility. p. 39 |
| chronic illness | An ongoing illness or disability, slow or gradual in onset, that may or may not grow worse over time. Also known as persistent illness. p. 36 |
| community-based services | Health care and support services provided in a community setting, not in a facility setting. p. 37 |
| community-based settings | Places within the community that provide health care and support services. p. 37 |
| community day program | A daytime community-based program for people with physical or mental health issues or older persons who need assistance. Also known as adult day program or adult day centre. p. 41 |
| complex continuing care | Comprehensive inpatient care provided to people who are recovering from surgery, injury, an acute illness, or an exacerbation of a disease process. Also known as subacute care, convalescent care, or transitional care. p. 36 |
| end-of-life care | The physical, emotional, social, and spiritual care and support given to people who have stopped treatment to cure or control their disease, as well as support to their families. End-of-life care may include palliative care, supportive care, and hospice care. p. 37 |
| facility-based settings | Workplaces that provide clients with accommodations, health care, and support services. p. 38 |
| group home | A live-in facility in which a small number of people with physical or mental disabilities live together and are provided with supervision, care, and support services. p. 40 |
| hospice | A type of palliative care that provides home, live-in, or inpatient care to a client who has a terminal diagnosis and is no longer seeking life-prolonging care. p. 37 |
| hospital | A facility for clients with acute illnesses or injuries who require admission and care on a relatively short-term basis, often not even overnight. p. 38 |
| Indigenous or First Nations services | Services aimed at supporting and empowering Indigenous peoples to independently improve access to and deliver services, and address the socioeconomic conditions in their communities. p. 36 |
| inpatient | A client who is assigned a bed and is admitted to stay in a facility overnight or longer. p. 42 |
| long-term care | Medical, nursing, and support services provided over the course of months or years to people who cannot care for themselves. Also known as chronic care or continuing care. In some provinces, this is also known as complex continuing care. p. 38 |
| long-term care facility | A facility that provides accommodations, 24-hour nursing care, and support services to people who cannot care for themselves at home but who do not need hospital care. Also known as chronic care facility or continuing care facility. In some provinces, it is called a complex care facility or nursing home. p. 38 |
| mental health care services | Services provided to individuals and families confronting mental illness or disorders. Also known as psychiatric care services. p. 37 |
| outpatient | A client who does not stay overnight in a facility. p. 42 |
| palliative care | Services for clients (and their families) living with an illness that cannot be cured, with a goal of improving the client’s quality of life, by managing pain and other distressing symptoms. p. 37 |
| persistent illness | See chronic illness. p. 37 |
| psychiatric care services | See mental health care services. p. 37 |
| rehabilitation services | Methods, therapies, and educational programs used to restore or improve the client’s independence and functional abilities. p. 36 |
| respite care | Temporary care of a person who requires a high level of support, care, and supervision; respite care gives caregivers a break from their duties. p. 36 |
| restorative care | Care that is aimed at re-establishing a client’s sense of independence to its greatest potential. p. 36 |
| retirement home | A facility in which older persons who are independently mobile can live independently but receive hospitality services such as meals and housekeeping services (also known as an assisted-living facility or supportive housing facility). p. 38 |
| subacute care | See complex continuing care. p. 36 |
| supportive housing facility | See assisted-living facility. p. 39 |
| Chapter 4 | |
| autonomy | Having the freedom and choice to make decisions that affect one’s life. Also known as self-determination. p. 51 |
| belief | Conviction that something is true. p. 49 |
| beneficence | Doing or promoting good. p. 59 |
| conduct | Personal behaviour. p. 49 |
| ethical dilemma | An apparent conflict between opposing moral choices; choosing one would result in going against another moral choice. p. 50 |
| ethics | The rules of conduct that guide us when deciding what is right and what is wrong, and what is good and what is bad. p. 49 |
| health care ethics | The philosophical study of what is morally right and wrong when providing health care services. p. 50 |
| immoral | Conflicting with traditionally held moral principles; often regarded as indecent or deviant (not normal). p. 49 |
| justice | Fair and equal treatment. p. 54 |
| morals | The fundamental principles of behaviour each person believes to be right or wrong for themselves without concern for legalities or customs. p. 49 |
| nonmaleficence | The ethical principle of doing no harm. p. 55 |
| self-determination | See autonomy. p. 51 |
| unethical | Not morally correct. p. 49 |
| Chapter 5 | |
| act | A specific law that has passed through the required legislative steps. p. 62 |
| administrator | The person appointed by the provincial courts to administer the estate of a client who has died without leaving a will. p. 69 |
| advance care directive | See advance directive. p. 67 |
| advance directive | A legal document in which a person states wishes about future health care, treatment, and personal care. Also known as an advance care directive, or sometimes a living will. p. 67 |
| assault | Intentionally attempting to or threatening to touch a person’s body without consent, causing the person to fear bodily harm. p. 71 |
| battery | The touching of a person’s body without the person’s consent. p. 71 |
| Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms | Part of the Canadian Constitution that lists the basic rights and freedoms to which all Canadians are entitled. p. 61 |
| civil laws | Laws that deal with relationships between people. p. 70 |
| consent | Agreement or approval—for example, to medical treatment, health care, or personal care services. p. 66 |
| crime | A violation of criminal law. p. 70 |
| criminal laws | Laws concerned with offences against the public and against society in general. p. 70 |
| defamation | The injuring of the name and reputation of a person by making false statements to a third person. p. 72 |
| electronic privacy | A person’s right not to have their image, words, or character description or comments about their reputation made public by electronic means. p. 66 |
| estate trustee | The person chosen by the now-deceased person to deal with their possessions, as stated in the will. Also known as guardian of property or executor or executrix. p. 69 |
| executor, executrix | See estate trustee. p. 69 |
| false imprisonment | Unlawful restraint or restrictions of a person’s freedom of movement. p. 72 |
| guardian of property | See estate trustee. p. 69 |
| harassment | Troubling, tormenting, offending, or worrying a person through one’s behaviour or comments. p. 73 |
| informed consent | Consent obtained under the legal condition whereby a person is first given complete, accurate, and relevant information so as to fully understand the action or procedure and its potential implications. p. 66 |
| invasion of privacy | Violation of a person’s right not to have their name, photograph, private affairs, health information, or any personal information made public without consent. p. 73 |
| legislation | A body of laws that govern the behaviour of a country’s residents. p. 61 |
| liable | Legally responsible. p. 70 |
| libel | The making of false written statements that hurt the reputation of another person. p. 72 |
| living will | A document that lets the reader know one’s preferences about care intended to sustain life and reflects one’s wishes at the time that it was created and signed. (This document has no legal status in Canada.) p. 68 |
| negligence | Failure to act in a careful or competent manner, resulting in harm to a person or damage to property. p. 70 |
| oath of confidentiality | A pledge that promises that the signer will respect and guard personal and private information about a client, family, or agency. p. 65 |
| power of attorney | See substitute decision maker for health care. p. 67 |
| proxy | See substitute decision maker for health care. p. 67 |
| regulations | Detailed rules that implement the requirements of a legislative act. p. 62 |
| right | Something to which a person is justly entitled. p. 61 |
| slander | The making of false verbal statements that hurt the reputation of a person. p. 72 |
| substitute decision maker for health care | A person authorized to make health care decisions on behalf of a living person who is unable to do so. Also called power of attorney for health care or proxy, depending on the province. p. 67 |
| substitute decision maker for property | The person who would represent an incapable person’s interests regarding their belongings. p. 69 |
| tort | A wrongful act committed by an individual against another person or the person’s property. p. 70 |
| will | A legal document stating a person’s wishes concerning the distribution or disposal of their property. p. 69 |
| Chapter 6 | |
| attitude | A person’s beliefs, values, or opinions toward engaging in healthy behaviours. p. 85 |
| cognitive health | Well-being in the intellectual dimension, achieved through an active, creative mind. p. 81 |
| determinants of health | The most important factors—such as lifestyle, environment, human biology, and health services—that determine health status in an individual or a community. p. 82 |
| dimensions of health | All aspects of a person’s health—physical, emotional, social, spiritual, cognitive. Holistic health considers all of these aspects. p. 79 |
| disability | The loss of physical or mental function. p. 87 |
| discrimination | The unfair treatment of people on the basis of such aspects as their physical characteristics, health history, or group membership. p. 92 |
| emotional health | Well-being in the emotional dimension, achieved when people feel good about themselves. p. 80 |
| environmental health | According to the World Health Organization, “all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person and all the related factors impacting behaviours.” p. 84 |
| equitable | Fair, reasonable, and just. p. 83 |
| gender | The roles, personality traits, attitudes, behaviours, values, and relative power and influence assigned to the sexes by society. p. 85 |
| genetic endowment | The genetic makeup that predisposes an individual to adopt certain behaviours that affect health status. p. 84 |
| health | A state of well-being in all dimensions of one’s life. p. 79 |
| holism | A concept that considers the whole person; the whole person has physical, social, emotional, cognitive, and spiritual dimensions. p. 79 |
| holistic health | A state of well-being in all dimensions of one’s life. p. 79 |
| illness | The loss of physical or mental health. p. 87 |
| marginalize | The act of excluding people who are not part of the majority culture. p. 85 |
| optimal health | State of achievable maximum well-being in each of the five dimensions: physical, emotional, social, cognitive, and spiritual. p. 85 |
| personal empowerment | Understanding and accepting that you can make your own healthy lifestyle choices, free from the influences of others. p. 87 |
| physical health | Well-being in the physical dimension, achieved when the body is strong, fit, and free from disease. p. 79 |
| primary prevention strategies | Strategies that are aimed at preventing a disease or illness by reducing its risk factors. p. 87 |
| prognosis | The expected course of recovery, which may range from full recovery to death, based on the usual outcome of the illness. p. 88 |
| psychosocial health | Well-being in the social, emotional, intellectual, and spiritual dimensions of one’s life. p. 79 |
| social health | Well-being in the social dimension, achieved when people have stable and satisfying relationships. p. 80 |
| social support system | An informal group of people who help each other or others outside the group. p. 80 |
| spiritual health | Well-being in the spiritual dimension achieved through the belief in a purpose greater than the self. p. 80 |
| stigma | Social shame associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person that causes one to feel shame or embarrassment—for example, the stigma of being fired from a job. p. 91 |
| wellness | The achievement of the best health possible in all dimensions of one’s life. p. 85 |
| Chapter 7 | |
| ageism | Feelings of impatience, intolerance, or prejudice based on negative attitudes and stereotypes toward a person or group of people because of their age. p. 100 |
| assimilate | Adopt the traditions of the larger society. p. 99 |
| bias | A point of view that prevents a person from being impartial. p. 100 |
| blended family | A couple with two or more children, one or more of whom is the natural child of one or both members of the couple and at least one is the stepchild of one of the partners. p. 103 |
| cisgender | A term designating a person whose sense of personal identity corresponds to the sex and gender assigned to them at birth or corresponds with their birth sex. p. 100 |
| cultural competence | The ability of a person to interact effectively with people from diverse cultural, gender, or socioeconomic backgrounds. p. 101 |
| cultural conflict | Negative feelings and conduct that can result when people from one culture try to impose their own set of values and behaviours on people from another culture. p. 100 |
| cultural safety | Actively inviting and creating a space for cultural expression within health care. p. 101 |
| culture | The characteristics of a group of people, including language, values, beliefs, customs, habits, ways of life, rules for behaviour, music, and traditions. p. 98 |
| diversity | The state of different individuals and cultures coexisting. p. 97 |
| ethnic identity | The ethnic background a person feels a part of, based usually on similar language and customs. p. 98 |
| ethnicity | The sharing of a common history, language, geography, national origin, religion, or identity. p. 98 |
| ethnocentrism | The belief that one’s own culture or ethnic group is better or more important than others’. p. 98 |
| homophobia | Negative attitudes toward or intolerance of homosexuality or people who are identified or perceived as being lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning their sexuality, or two spirit (see LGBTQ2). p. 100 |
| LGBTQ2 | An abbreviation that stands for the group of people who identify themselves as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, transsexual, queer, questioning their sexuality, or two-spirited. p. 100 |
| nuclear family | A family consisting of two partners and a child (or children) who live under one roof and are committed to mutually raising the child or children. p. 103 |
| personal space | The area immediately around one’s body. p. 107 |
| prejudice | An attitude that forms an opinion or prejudges a person based on their membership in a group. p. 99 |
| racism | Feelings of superiority over, and intolerance of or prejudice toward, a person or group of people who may have different physical appearance or cultural practices. p. 98 |
| same-sex family | A family in which both adults who live together in a loving, intimate relationship are of the same gender; they may or may not have children. p. 103 |
| sexism | Feelings of intolerance or prejudice toward a person or group of people because of their gender. p. 100 |
| single-parent families | Families in which the adult head of the household does not have a partner who shares the home. Also called lone-parent families. p. 103 |
| stereotype | An overly simple or exaggerated view of a group of people. p. 100 |
| transgender | A term designating a person whose sense of personal identity and gender does not correspond to that person’s sex at birth or does not otherwise conform to conventional notions of sex and gender. p. 100 |
| Chapter 8 | |
| acute stress | A type of stress that is short in duration. p. 113 |
| anxiety | A vague, uneasy feeling, often including a sense of impending danger or harm. p. 116 |
| burnout | A state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion that results in feelings of discouragement, negativity, and powerlessness. p. 113 |
| chronic stress | Ongoing stress that can lead to burnout. p. 113 |
| conflict | A clash between opposing interests and ideas. p. 114 |
| emotional pressure | The feeling of being pushed beyond one’s limits or abilities. p. 114 |
| eustress | A type of stressor that is healthy and gives one a feeling of fulfillment or other positive feelings. p. 113 |
| stress | The emotional, behavioural, or physical response to an event or situation. p. 113 |
| stressor | An event or situation that causes stress. p. 113 |
| validate | To acknowledge, recognize, or confirm the client’s feelings. p. 117 |
| Chapter 9 | |
| active listening | A nonjudgemental communication technique that focuses not only on understanding the content of what is being said but also on the underlying emotions and feelings conveyed by the sender. Active listeners concentrate fully on what is being said and pay attention to the client’s nonverbal cues. p. 134 |
| assertiveness | A style of communication in which thoughts and feelings are expressed positively and directly, without offending others. p. 143 |
| body language | An important part of nonverbal communication that can reveal a person’s physical, mental, or emotional state through powerful messages such as gestures, postures, and facial expressions. p. 134 |
| closed-ended questions | Questions that are structured so that the response can be restricted to one word such as yes or no or to a few words. p. 137 |
| defence mechanisms | A subconscious practice intended to either delay—or avoid altogether—uncomfortable feelings such as anxiety, guilt, stress, or embarrassment. These practices include denial, displacement, fantasizing, projection, rationalization, regression, repression, suppression, passive-aggressiveness, and submissiveness. p. 141 |
| denial | An unwillingness to accept the truth or a certain reality. p. 142 |
| displacement | A transfer of feelings (usually of anger) onto another person or item instead of onto the person who is the source of the anger. p. 142 |
| electronic communication | The transfer of information through electronic media. p. 132 |
| empathetic listening | A nonjudgemental technique that requires the listener to be attentive to the sender’s feelings. p. 136 |
| fantasizing | Daydreaming as an escape instead of dealing with reality. p. 142 |
| focusing | Limiting the conversation to a certain topic. p. 138 |
| interpersonal communication | The exchange of information between two people, usually face to face. p. 131 |
| nonverbal communication | Messages sent without words. p. 134 |
| open-ended questions | Questions that invite a person to share thoughts, feelings, or ideas. p. 137 |
| paraphrasing | Restating someone’s message in one’s own words. p. 136 |
| passive-aggressiveness | The practice of expressing negative emotions, resentment, or anger toward others through passive, indirect ways (such as through procrastination or manipulation) instead of by verbalizing feelings in an assertive manner. p. 142 |
| projection | Blaming someone else for one’s own behaviour. p. 142 |
| rationalization | Justifying a behaviour or action by explaining it as being less harmful or hurtful than it really is. p. 142 |
| reaction formation | Acting in a way that is opposite to how one truly feels. p. 142 |
| regression | A return to an earlier developmental stage as a way to escape from stress. p. 142 |
| repression | The involuntary action of blocking painful memories from the conscious mind. p. 142 |
| social media | Websites and applications through which users create virtual communities or networks to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content. p. 132 |
| submissiveness | A show of obedience, meekness, and compliance in the face of conflict or a difference of opinion, instead of assertiveness. p. 142 |
| suppression | A conscious refusal to acknowledge a painful or upsetting situation. p. 142 |
| verbal communication | Messages sent through the spoken word. p. 132 |
| Chapter 10 | |
| accountability | The willingness to accept responsibility and to explain one’s actions, inactions or omissions, intentions, and decisions. p. 155 |
| assigning | Appointing someone to take on the responsibility to complete a task while providing client care or support. p. 156 |
| authority | The legal right to do something. p. 156 |
| care conference | See family conference. p. 154 |
| case manager | A manager who assesses, monitors, and evaluates the needs of a client in a community care setting and also coordinates the services of the team. Also known as team leader. p. 153 |
| controlled acts | Tasks that must be performed only by those authorized to perform them. Controlled acts are considered to be harmful if performed by unqualified individuals. p. 156 |
| delegation | A process by which a nurse authorizes another health care provider to perform certain tasks, including controlled acts. p. 156 |
| family conference | A meeting attended by the health care team and family members to discuss the client’s care. Also called care conference. p. 154 |
| interdisciplinary team | A team of health care providers from a variety of backgrounds and specialties who work together to meet the client’s needs. Also known as intradisciplinary team, interprofessional team, interprofessional health care team, or multidisciplinary team. p. 154 |
| mentor | A person who shares their expertise and knowledge to create a safe, encouraging learning environment for the learner. p. 151 |
| supervising | Being responsible for monitoring and overseeing the activities of others on the health care team. p. 154 |
| task | A function, procedure, or activity that a support worker assists with or performs for the client. p. 156 |
| team leader | See case manager. p. 153 |
| transfer of function | A process by which a nurse authorizes another health care provider to perform certain tasks. p. 156 |
| Chapter 11 | |
| compassion | Awareness of the misfortune and suffering of another person and the desire to take action to reduce or eliminate the source of their distress. p. 166 |
| competence | The ability to do a job well. p. 167 |
| dependence | The state of relying on others for support; being unable to manage without help. p. 168 |
| family | A biological, legal, or social network of people who provide support for one another. p. 170 |
| interdependence | The state of relying on one another. p. 168 |
| primary caregiver | A person—usually a family member or close friend—who assumes the responsibilities of caring for a dependent person, usually in the person’s home. p. 170 |
| professional boundaries | Appropriate limitations on behaviour, meant to protect the vulnerable client from the caregiver who has access to private knowledge about them. p. 165 |
| relationship | The connection between two or more people, shaped by the roles, feelings, and interactions of those involved. p. 165 |
| respect | Acceptance and regard for another person. p. 166 |
| self-awareness | Understanding of one’s own feelings, moods, attitudes, preferences, biases, qualities, and limitations. p. 167 |
| self-esteem | Thinking well of oneself and being well thought of by others. p. 169 |
| sympathy | Feeling pity or compassion for or understanding the difficulties of another person. p. 167 |
| Chapter 12 | |
| abuse | Physical or mental harm caused deliberately by another person or persons. p. 175 |
| bullying | A type of abuse in which one person or a group of people purposely and repeatedly says or does hurtful things to someone else. Also known as harassment. p. 176 |
| child abuse | Mistreatment or neglect of a child by a parent, guardian, or caregiver. p. 183 |
| child neglect | Failure by a child’s parents or other caregivers to meet the child’s basic needs for emotional, psychological, and physical development. p. 193 |
| cyberbullying | A type of abuse that uses communication technologies such as the Internet, social networking sites, text messaging, and instant messaging with the purpose of repeatedly intimidating or harassing a person. Also known as cyberabuse. p. 176 |
| emotional abuse | Words or actions that cause mental harm, especially to a person’s self-esteem. Also known as psychological abuse. p. 176 |
| emotional neglect | Failure to meet a person’s need to feel loved, wanted, safe, and worthy. p. 183 |
| failure to thrive | A term to describe infants, babies, or children who are below the norms for body weight, growth, or cognitive development. It is also used when referring to older persons who are losing weight and experiencing a health decline for no apparent reason. p. 184 |
| financial abuse | The misuse of a person’s money or property. p. 176 |
| marginalized | Prevented from having control over one’s life or health care because of language, life circumstances, or role in society, resulting in being shunned from mainstream society. p. 179 |
| neglect | The state of being uncared for physically, emotionally, or psychologically. p. 176 |
| physical abuse | The deliberate application of force to any part of another person’s body, which may result in a nonaccidental injury and sometimes death. p. 176 |
| physical neglect | Failure to adequately meet a dependent’s need for food, clothing, shelter, cleanliness, medical care, and protection from harm. p. 183 |
| psychological abuse | See emotional abuse. p. 176 |
| sexual abuse | Any nonconsensual sexual act (including touching) that results from a threat, coercion, or force. p. 176 |
| sexual harassment | Any conduct, comment, gesture, threat, or suggestion that is sexual in nature; a form of sexual abuse. p. 176 |
| spousal abuse | Abuse of a partner by a partner in an intimate relationship such as a marriage or common-law relationship. p. 181 |
| workplace bullying | Acts or verbal comments that could mentally hurt or isolate a person in the workplace. p. 190 |
| Chapter 13 | |
| chronological resumé | A resumé that highlights employment history, starting with the most current employment and working in reverse chronological order (backward) through earlier jobs. p. 197 |
| cover letter | See letter of application. p. 202 |
| curriculum vitae (CV) | A resumé that is lengthened to include a description of achievements, such as teaching experience, research, awards, publications, and degrees. p. 196 |
| functional resumé | A resumé that highlights skills or functions and briefly lists positions held. p. 197 |
| letter of application | A letter that is included with a resumé that summarizes the job applied for and reasons for applying for it; it can be solicited or unsolicited. Also called a cover letter. p. 202 |
| portfolio | A binder or electronic file containing the applicant’s certificates, letters of recommendation, awards, proof of volunteering, or other pertinent information. p. 201 |
| reference | A person who can speak to a potential employer about the applicant’s skills, abilities, and personal qualities. p. 202 |
| resumé | A concise one- to two-page summary of experience, education, work-related skills, and personal qualities. p. 196 |
| solicited letter of application | A letter of application that responds to an advertised position. p. 202 |
| unsolicited letter of application | A letter of application that inquires about potential openings. p. 202 |
| Chapter 14 | |
| base of support | The area on which an object rests. p. 218 |
| body alignment | The way in which body parts (head, trunk, arms, and legs) are positioned in relation to one another, whether lying, sitting, or standing. Also known as posture. p. 218 |
| body mechanics | The movement of the body. Proper body mechanics ensure the body moves in an efficient and careful way. p. 218 |
| centre of gravity | The point in the body in which weight is evenly distributed or balanced on either side. p. 218 |
| fan-fold | To fold a sheet back and forth, in a form that resembles a fan. p. 227 |
| Fowler’s position | A semi-sitting to upright sitting position in bed. p. 231 |
| high Fowler’s position | A semi-sitting position in bed; the head of the bed is elevated 45 to 90 degrees. p. 273 |
| lateral position | A side-lying position that uses pillows to support the back and separate the lower legs. p. 236 |
| lift | Device used to move—or the action of moving—a client from one place to another, without the client’s weight-bearing or assistance. p. 240 |
| line of gravity | An imaginary vertical line that extends from the centre of gravity to the base of support. p. 218 |
| log-rolling | Turning the person as a unit in alignment with one motion, with care taken to prevent any twisting of the spinal column. p. 224 |
| low Fowler’s position | A semi-sitting position in bed; the head of the bed is elevated 15 to 30 degrees. p. 231 |
| lunge (or stride) stance | A position whereby one foot is placed in front of the other foot, keeping both feet about a shoulder-width apart. p. 218 |
| manual lift | Physically picking up a client who cannot weight-bear, without the assistance of a mechanical lift. p. 243 |
| mechanical lift | A device that can elevate and move the person while in a special body sling. p. 240 |
| no-lift policy | Agency regulations that prohibit workers from manually lifting clients and instruct them to use a mechanical lifting device instead. p. 219 |
| pelvic tilt | A standing position whereby the pelvis is tilted by tightening the stomach muscles and flattening out the small of the back. p. 218 |
| posture | See body alignment. p. 218 |
| prone position | A front-lying position on the abdomen, with the head turned to one side. p. 237 |
| semi-Fowler’s position | A semi-sitting position in bed; the head of the bed is elevated 30 to 45 degrees. p. 231 |
| Sims’ position | A left-side-lying position; the right leg is sharply flexed so that it is not on the left leg, and the left arm is positioned along the client’s back. p. 237 |
| slider | Item (including slider sheet, slider board, and slider sheet system) made of low-friction material with handles and used to move clients. p. 223 |
| sliding pad | See turning pad. p. 222 |
| stroke | Sudden loss of brain function because of the disruption of blood supply to the brain. Also known as cerebral vascular accident (CVA). p. 231 |
| supine position | A back-lying position; the legs are together. Also called dorsal recumbent position or horizontal position. p. 236 |
| transfer | To move a person from one place to another, using the client’s assistance with partial to full weight-bearing. p. 240 |
| transfer belt | A strong strap that is secured around the client’s waist or hips to help and support the client to stand, sit, and walk. It is removed after the activity is completed. p. 241 |
| transfer board | A smooth board placed between two surfaces (e.g., a chair and a wheelchair) that allows the client to slide over more easily. p. 241 |
| turning pad | A small pad or folded sheet placed on top of the bottom sheet and extending from the client’s head to above the knees. Also known as a sliding pad, turning sheet, transfer sheet, or lift pad. A turning pad is sometimes (inaccurately) referred to as a drawsheet. p. 222 |
| weight-bear | To shift body weight onto feet while attempting to stand. p. 240 |
| Chapter 15 | |
| abduction | Movement of a body part away from the midline of the body. p. 264 |
| adduction | Movement of a body part toward the midline of the body. p. 264 |
| ambulation | The act of walking. p. 266 |
| brace | An apparatus worn to support or align weak body parts or to prevent or correct problems with the musculoskeletal system; also called an orthotic. p. 278 |
| contracture | The lack of joint mobility caused by abnormal shortening of a muscle. p. 261 |
| deconditioning | The loss of muscle size, strength, and function (muscle atrophy) that results from immobility and inactivity. p. 260 |
| dorsiflexion | Bending the toes and foot up at the ankle. p. 264 |
| extension | Straightening of a body part. p. 264 |
| external rotation | Turning of the joint outward. p. 264 |
| flexion | Bending of a body part. p. 264 |
| footdrop | The foot falls down at the ankle (permanent plantar flexion). p. 263 |
| hyperextension | Excessive straightening of a body part. p. 264 |
| immobility | An excessive lack of exercise and activity, which can cause serious health complications, affecting every system in the body. p. 261 |
| internal rotation | Turning of the joint inward. p. 264 |
| muscle atrophy | A decrease in size or a wasting away of muscle. p. 261 |
| orthostatic hypotension | A drop in (hypo) blood pressure when the client stands up (ortho and static). Also known as postural hypotension. p. 261 |
| orthotic | See brace. p. 278 |
| plantar flexion | The foot (plantar) is bent (flexion) with the toes pointed away from the leg. p. 264 |
| postural hypotension | See orthostatic hypotension. p. 261 |
| pronation | Turning downward. p. 264 |
| range of motion (ROM) | Moving a joint to the extent possible without causing pain. p. 264 |
| rotation | Turning of the joint. p. 264 |
| supination | Turning upward. p. 264 |
| syncope | A brief loss of consciousness; fainting. p. 261 |
| Chapter 16 | |
| prostheses | (singular, prosthesis) Artificial replacements for missing body parts. p. 289 |
| reablement program | A program designed for individuals who do not need acute care but cannot yet manage at home or are struggling in their home to regain strength, endurance, functioning, and independence. This option allows them to stay in their homes longer while receiving rehabilitation or restoration care. p. 293 |
| rehabilitative care | The process of restoring a person to the highest possible level of functioning through the use of therapy, exercise, and other methods to maintain or slow the decline of functioning in order to maintain the client’s quality of life and independence. p. 283 |
| rehabilitation robotics | Robotics and technology used in rehabilitation medicine that include wheelchair biomechanics, new technologies to assess spinal structure and function, assistive robotics, and the use of virtual reality. p. 285 |
| restorative care | Preventing health deterioration, maintaining or improving a client’s quality of life, and restoring the client to their previous functional level as much as possible. p. 283 |
| virtual reality | The use of computer technology to create a simulated image or simulated environment. p. 285 |
| Chapter 17 | |
| afternoon care | Routine care that occurs between lunch and the evening meal in a facility. p. 298 |
| AM care | Routine care given in a facility before lunch. AM care sometimes occurs before breakfast. Also known as early morning care and morning care. p. 298 |
| biofilm | A thin film that sticks to the teeth; it contains saliva, microbes, and other substances. p. 299 |
| early morning care | See AM care. p. 298 |
| evening care | See HS care. p. 298 |
| HS care | Routine care given in a facility at bedtime (HS stands for “hour of sleep”). Also known as evening care or PM care. p. 298 |
| morning care | See AM care. p. 298 |
| oral hygiene | Measures performed to keep the mouth and teeth clean; mouth care. p. 297 |
| perineal care (pericare) | Cleansing of the genital and anal areas. p. 328 |
| PM care | See HS care. p. 298 |
| smegma | A white or yellow substance that naturally occurs as an accumulation of dead skin cells and oily secretions around the foreskin in males and clitoris in females. p. 328 |
| tartar | Hardened biofilm on teeth. p. 299 |
| Chapter 18 | |
| alopecia | Hair loss. p. 338 |
| anti-embolic stockings | Close-fitting, circular knitted, elastic stocking that are designed to prevent swelling in lower extremities or blood clots by increasing venous return to the heart. Also called compression stockings or thromboembolic devices (TED). p. 368 |
| dandruff | Excessive amount of dry, white flakes that appear on the scalp, in the hair, or on the shoulders. p. 339 |
| hirsutism | Excessive and increased hair growth. p. 338 |
| ingrown hair | A hair that curls into the side wall of the hair follicle or into the skin surface, which causes the skin to become inflamed. Also known as razor bumps. p. 348 |
| ingrown nails | Toenails that grow inward at the side of the nail bed. p. 349 |
| lice | Small, insectlike parasites that live on the human body, most commonly on skin, hair, and the genital area. p. 339 |
| parasite | An organism that lives on or in another organism and derives its nutrients from it. p. 339 |
| pediculosis | Infestation with lice. p. 339 |
| pediculosis capitis | Infestation of the scalp (capitis) with lice. p. 339 |
| pediculosis corporis | Infestation of the body (corporis) with lice. p. 339 |
| pediculosis pubis | Infestation of the pubic (pubis) hair with lice. p. 339 |
| podiatrist | A physician who specializes in the evaluation and treatment of diseases of the foot. p. 352 |
| razor bumps | See ingrown hair. p. 348 |
| Chapter 19 | |
| asepsis | The practice of reducing or eliminating potential pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites). There are two levels of asepsis: (1) medical asepsis and (2) surgical asepsis. p. 389 |
| bacteria | Single-celled microbes that naturally occur on living, dead, or inanimate objects. p. 379 |
| biohazardous waste | Items that may be harmful to others because they are contaminated with blood, body fluids, secretions, or excretions. p. 410 |
| carriers | Persons who are able to transfer a pathogen to others without getting an active infection themselves. p. 389 |
| clean technique | See medical asepsis. p. 389 |
| Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) | A bacterium that causes diarrhea and colitis. Most common cause of infectious diarrhea in hospitals. p. 381 |
| colonize | To establish a habitat; for example, bacteria grow on or in specific regions of the body and survive as part of that person’s normal flora. p. 381 |
| communicable disease | A disease caused by microbes that spreads easily; also known as contagious disease. p. 382 |
| communicable phase | The period when a person is infectious and can spread pathogens to others. p. 383 |
| contagious disease | See communicable disease. p. 382 |
| contamination | The process of being exposed to microorganisms, including pathogens. p. 389 |
| COVID-19 | A highly contagious coronavirus that has caused a worldwide pandemic, with higher risks for older persons and those with comorbidities. p. 385 |
| disinfection | The process of destroying pathogens. p. 399 |
| droplet | A small drop of liquid. p. 388 |
| endospore | The protective shell that surrounds dormant bacteria and viruses. p. 379 |
| febrile respiratory illness (FRI) | A term used to describe a wide range of respiratory infections spread through droplets. p. 390 |
| fomite | Any nonliving object capable of carrying infectious organisms. p. 387 |
| fungi | Microbes that live only on organic matter such as plants and animals. p. 379 |
| hand hygiene | The process of cleaning hands. p. 392 |
| handwashing | Removing soil, dead skin cells, and microbes from hands using soap, friction, and water. p. 392 |
| health care–associated infection (HAI) | An infection acquired while receiving care in a health care facility. p. 383 |
| incubation period | The time between exposure to a pathogen and appearance of symptoms. p. 383 |
| infection | A disease state from the invasion and growth of pathogens in the body. p. 382 |
| infection control | Policies and procedures to prevent the spread of infection within health care settings. p. 378 |
| influenza (“the flu”) | A highly contagious respiratory infection caused by viruses in airborne droplets. p. 384 |
| isolation precautions | Guidelines for preventing the spread of pathogens; include Standard Practices and Transmission-Based Practices. p. 401 |
| medical asepsis | Practices that reduce the number of pathogens and prevent their spread; also known as clean technique. p. 389 |
| methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | A type of multidrug-resistant organism resistant to methicillin. p. 381 |
| microbe | See microorganism. p. 378 |
| microorganism | A form of life so small it can be seen only with a microscope; also known as a microbe. p. 378 |
| multidrug-resistant organism (MRO) | A strain of bacteria that is very difficult to treat with common antibiotics. p. 380 |
| nonpathogen | A microbe that does not usually cause infection or disease. p. 379 |
| normal flora | Microorganisms usually found on skin, mucous membranes, and gastrointestinal tract. p. 379 |
| nosocomial infection | See health care–associated infection (HAI). p. 383 |
| organism | Any single-celled or multicellular living thing. p. 378 |
| pandemic | An epidemic that spreads quickly over a large region or worldwide. p. 384 |
| parasites | Organisms that derive nourishment and protection from other living organisms, known as hosts. p. 379 |
| pathogen | A microbe that can cause harm, such as an infection or disease. p. 379 |
| personal protective equipment (PPE) | Special clothing and equipment that act as a barrier between microbes and a person’s hands, eyes, nose, mouth, and clothes. p. 398 |
| physical distancing | Maintaining a distance of 2 m to reduce droplet spread of infectious agents. p. 385 |
| reservoir | The environment in which microbes live and grow; host. p. 379 |
| Routine Practices | See Standard Practices. p. 402 |
| sharps | Equipment that may pierce the skin; include needles, razor blades, and broken glass. p. 403 |
| Standard Practices | Guidelines to prevent the spread of infection from blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, non-intact skin, and mucous membranes. Also called Routine Practices or Standard Precautions. p. 402 |
| Standard Precautions | See Standard Practices. p. 402 |
| sterile | Free of all microbes, both pathogens and nonpathogens, as well as their spores. p. 392 |
| sterile field | A work area free of all microbes, both pathogens and nonpathogens. p. 411 |
| sterile technique | See surgical asepsis. p. 392 |
| sterilization | The process of destroying all microbes. p. 392 |
| surgical asepsis | Practices that keep equipment and supplies free of all microbes; also known as sterile technique. p. 389 |
| Transmission-Based Practices | Guidelines to contain pathogens within a certain area, usually the client’s room. p. 402 |
| tuberculosis (TB) | A persistent bacterial infection generally transmitted via droplets, usually affecting the lungs. p. 389 |
| vaccine | A suspension containing a live or killed bacterium or virus to induce active immunity. p. 379 |
| vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) | A type of multidrug-resistant organism made up of bacterium. p. 381 |
| vector | An organism that spreads infection by transmitting pathogens from one host to another. p. 387 |
| viruses | Infectious particles smaller than bacteria that infect living cells to grow and multiply. p. 379 |
| waterless, alcohol-based hand rubs | Hand hygiene products rubbed into hands and allowed to dry, killing most microbes. Also called waterless antiseptic handwash. p. 392 |
| Chapter 20 | |
| bed rails | The metal or plastic sides of a hospital bed used to prevent a client from falling out of bed. p. 443 |
| call bell | A safety device for clients that enables them to notify staff when they need assistance. p. 425 |
| chemical restraints | Medication ordered by a doctor and given to a client to control unsafe, undesirable, or bizarre behaviour or movement. p. 442 |
| environmental restraints | Barriers, furniture, or devices that prevent a client from having free movement. p. 441 |
| hazardous material | Any substance that presents a physical or health hazard in the workplace. p. 441 |
| incident report | A report submitted whenever an accident, error, or unexpected problem arises in the workplace; also known as an occurrence report. p. 447 |
| mobility | The ability to move around. p. 419 |
| occurrence report | See incident report. p. 447 |
| OH&S (occupational health and safety) legislation | Federal and provincial laws designed to protect employees from injuries and accidents in the workplace, outlining rights and responsibilities of employers, supervisors, and workers. p. 448 |
| physical restraints | Garments or devices used to restrict movement of the whole body or parts of the body. p. 441 |
| restraint | Any device, garment, barrier, furniture, or medication that limits or restricts freedom of movement or access to one’s own body. p. 441 |
| suffocation | A lack of oxygen that causes breathing to stop. p. 440 |
| Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) | A national system that provides safety information about hazardous materials; includes labelling, material safety data sheets (MSDSs), and employee education. p. 451 |
| workplace violence | Any physical assault or threatening behaviour that occurs in a work setting directed toward clients, health care team members, or both. p. 451 |
| Chapter 21 | |
| alternating pressure mattress | A special type of mattress that has alternating areas of pressure of air, gel, or water baffles to reduce the risk for pressure sores. p. 461 |
| fitted sheet | A sheet (usually with elastic edges) tailored to fit a particular size of mattress. p. 469 |
| incontinence pad | A pad placed in the centre of the bed on top of the bottom sheet to protect the bedsheets from body fluids; also called absorbent pad or soaker pad. p. 466 |
| mitred corner | A type of fold done to the top layers of bedding which keeps the layers neat and in place. p. 466 |
| Chapter 22 | |
| Abrasion | A partial-thickness wound caused by the scraping away or rubbing of skin. p. 483 |
| Arterial ulcer | An open wound on the lower legs and feet caused by poor arterial blood flow. p. 495 |
| Bedsore | See pressure injury. p. 486 |
| Bony prominence | An area on the body where the underlying bone seems to “stick out.” p. 486 |
| Braden Scale | A scale used to predict the likelihood of a client developing a pressure injury. p. 487 |
| Bruise | See contusion. p. 483 |
| Chronic wound | A wound that does not heal easily in a timely manner. p. 483 |
| Circulatory ulcer | An open wound on the lower legs and feet caused by decreased blood flow through arteries or veins; also known as a vascular ulcer. p. 494 |
| Clean-contaminated wound | A wound occurring from the surgical portal of entry into the urinary, reproductive, or digestive system. p. 483 |
| Clean wound | A wound that is not infected; microbes have not entered the wound. p. 483 |
| Closed wound | A wound in which tissues are injured but skin is not broken. p. 483 |
| Contaminated wound | A wound with a high risk for infection; microbes have entered the wound. p. 483 |
| Contusion | A closed wound caused by a blow to the body; also known as a bruise. p. 483 |
| Decubitus ulcer | See pressure injury. p. 486 |
| Dehiscence | The separation of wound layers along a surgical suture line. p. 497 |
| Dirty wound | See infected wound. p. 483 |
| Edema | Swelling in tissues caused by an accumulation of fluid. p. 493 |
| Evisceration | Separation of the wound accompanied by protrusion of abdominal organs. p. 497 |
| Friction | Resistance that skin encounters when it rubs against another surface such as clothing, bedding, or another fold of skin. p. 484 |
| Full-thickness wound | A wound in which the dermis, epidermis, and subcutaneous tissue are penetrated; muscle and bone may be involved. p. 483 |
| Gangrene | A condition in which tissue dies and then decays. p. 494 |
| Hematoma | The collection of blood under skin and tissues. p. 496 |
| Hemorrhage | The excessive loss of blood within a short period. p. 496 |
| Incision | An open wound with clean, straight edges; usually intentionally created with a sharp instrument. p. 483 |
| Infected wound | A wound containing a large amount of bacteria and showing signs of infection; also known as a dirty wound. p. 483 |
| Intentional wound | A wound created for treatment. p. 483 |
| Laceration | An open wound with torn tissue and jagged edges. p. 483 |
| Necrotic tissue | Localized tissue death as a result of disease or injury. p. 502 |
| Open wound | A wound in which skin or the mucous membrane is broken. p. 483 |
| Partial-thickness wound | A wound in which the dermis and epidermis of skin are broken. p. 483 |
| Penetrating wound | An open wound caused by an object such as a knife or bullet, which can vary from superficial to deep penetration of major body systems. p. 483 |
| Peri-wash | A type of gentle soap for the perineal area soiled by urine and feces. p. 500 |
| Picture-frame dressing | A dressing in which tape is applied to all four edges to reduce the likelihood of wrinkling or falling off. p. 503 |
| Pitting edema | Edema evident by an impression left in the skin after pressing with fingers. p. 494 |
| Pressure injury | Any injury caused by unrelieved pressure; also known as decubitus ulcer, bedsore, pressure ulcer, or pressure sore. p. 486 |
| Pressure ulcer | See pressure injury. p. 486 |
| Pressure points | Bony prominences that bear the weight of the body and may lead to pressure injury. p. 486 |
| Pressure sore | See pressure injury. p. 486 |
| Puncture wound | A closed wound caused by a sharp pointy object; usually does not bleed much and may close by itself. p. 483 |
| Purulent drainage | Thick drainage from a wound that may have a foul odour; yellow, green, or brown, may indicate infection. p. 498 |
| Sanguineous drainage | Bloody drainage. p. 498 |
| Serosanguineous drainage | Thin, watery drainage that is blood-tinged. p. 498 |
| Serous drainage | Clear, watery drainage. p. 498 |
| Shearing | Tearing of skin tissue caused when skin sticks to a surface and deeper tissues move downward. p. 485 |
| Shock | A condition resulting from insufficient blood supply to organs and tissues. p. 496 |
| Skin tear | A break or rip in skin; the epidermis separates from underlying tissue. p. 484 |
| Stasis ulcer | See venous ulcer. p. 494 |
| Steri-Strip™ | Thin adhesive strips applied across a skin tear to hold edges together while healing. p. 485 |
| Trauma | An accident or violent act injuring skin, bones, organs, or causing emotional distress. p. 482 |
| Unintentional wound | A wound resulting from trauma. p. 483 |
| Vascular ulcer | See circulatory ulcer. p. 494 |
| Venous ulcer | Open wounds on lower legs and feet caused by poor venous blood return; also known as stasis ulcer. p. 494 |
| Wound | A break in the skin or mucous membrane. p. 482 |
| Chapter 23 | |
| Acute pain | Sudden pain due to injury, disease, trauma, or surgery; generally lasts less than 6 months. p. 514 |
| Chronic pain | Pain that lasts longer than 6 months; may be constant or occur off and on. Also known as persistent pain. p. 514 |
| Insomnia | A persistent condition in which the person cannot go to sleep or stay asleep throughout the night. p. 523 |
| Persistent pain | See chronic pain. p. 514 |
| Phantom limb pain | Pain felt in a body part that is no longer there. p. 514 |
| Radiating pain | Pain that is felt not just at the site of tissue damage but extends to nearby areas. p. 514 |
| Referred pain | Pain that is felt in a part of the body separate from the source of the pain. p. 514 |
| Chapter 24 | |
| Blood pressure | The amount of force exerted by the blood against the walls of an artery. p. 544 |
| Body temperature | The amount of heat in the body; a balance between the amount of heat produced and the amount lost by the body. p. 534 |
| Bradycardia | A slow (brady) heart rate; less than 60 beats per minute. p. 541 |
| Diastole | The period of heart muscle relaxation. p. 545 |
| Diastolic pressure | The pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest. p. 545 |
| Dysrhythmia | An irregular rhythm of the pulse; beats may be unevenly spaced or skipped. p. 541 |
| Hypertension | Persistent blood pressure measurements above the normal systolic (140 mm Hg) or diastolic (90 mm Hg) pressures. p. 546 |
| Hypotension | A condition in which systolic pressure is below 90 mm Hg and diastolic pressure below 60 mm Hg. p. 546 |
| Pulse | The beat of the heart felt at an artery as a wave of blood passes through. p. 540 |
| Pulse oximeter | A device that measures both a client’s pulse rate and the oxygen level in the blood. p. 543 |
| Pulse rate | The number of heartbeats or pulses felt in 1 minute. p. 540 |
| Respiration | The act of breathing air into (inhalation) and out of (exhalation) the lungs. p. 544 |
| Sphygmomanometer | The instrument used to measure blood pressure. p. 547 |
| SpO2 | Peripheral capillary oxygen saturation; percentage of oxygen-saturated hemoglobin in the blood, measured by a pulse oximeter. p. 543 |
| Stethoscope | An instrument used to listen to the sounds produced by the heart, lungs, and other body organs. p. 548 |
| Systole | The period of heart muscle contraction. p. 545 |
| Systolic pressure | The amount of force required to pump blood out of the heart into the arterial circulation. p. 545 |
| Tachycardia | A rapid (tachy) heart rate; over 100 beats per minute in an adult. p. 541 |
| Vital signs | Temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure (and SpO2 if possible). p. 529 |
| Chapter 25 | |
| Abbreviation | A shortened form of a word or phrase. p. 563 |
| Anterior | Located at or toward the front of the body or body part. Also called ventral. p. 562 |
| Combining vowel | A vowel added between two roots or between a root and a suffix to make pronunciation easier. p. 560 |
| Distal | The part farthest from the centre or from the point of attachment. p. 562 |
| Dorsal | See posterior. p. 562 |
| Lateral | The farthest away from the midline of the body. p. 562 |
| Medial | The closest to the midline of the body. p. 562 |
| Posterior | The back surface of the body—often used to indicate the position of one structure in relation to another. Also called dorsal. p. 562 |
| Prefix | A word element placed at the beginning of a word to change the meaning of the word. p. 558 |
| Proximal | Nearest to the trunk of the body or the point of origin. p. 562 |
| Root word | A word element containing the basic meaning of the word. p. 560 |
| Suffix | A word element placed at the end of a root to change the meaning of the word. p. 561 |
| Ventral | See anterior. p. 562 |
| Word element | A part of a word. p. 558 |
| Chapter 26 | |
| Assessment | The evaluation of information collected about the client through observation, reflection, and communication; a step in the care-planning process. p. 569 |
| Care plan | A document that details the care and services the client must receive. p. 570 |
| Care-planning process | The method used by nurses and case managers to plan the client’s care with the health care team. Also known as the nursing process. p. 569 |
| Chart | A legal document that details a client’s condition or illness and responses to care. Also called a record. p. 577 |
| Charting | See documentation. p. 581 |
| Documentation | Record of the care the health care worker has given the client as well as the observations and basic assessments made about the client during care. Also called charting. p. 581 |
| Evaluation | Assessing and measuring; a step in the care-planning process. p. 572 |
| Implementation | Carrying out or performing; a step in the care-planning process. p. 572 |
| Intervention | An action or measure taken by the health care team to help the client meet a goal in the care plan. p. 570 |
| Medical diagnosis | The identification of a disease or condition by a physician or nurse practitioner. p. 570 |
| Nursing diagnosis | A statement describing a health problem that is treated by nursing measures. p. 570 |
| Nursing process | See care-planning process. p. 569 |
| Objective data | See signs. p. 574 |
| Observation | The active process of using the senses to obtain information about the client’s current condition. p. 570 |
| Planning | Establishing priorities and goals and developing measures or actions to help the client meet the goals; a step in the care-planning process. p. 570 |
| Record | See chart. p. 577 |
| Signs | Information about a client’s health gained through observation and the use of other senses. Also known as objective data. p. 574 |
| Subjective data | See symptoms. p. 574 |
| Symptoms | Information reported by a client that cannot be directly observed by others. Also known as subjective data. p. 574 |
| Verbal report | A spoken account of care provided and observations made. p. 576 |
| Chapter 27 | |
| Absorption | The process by which substances pass through the intestinal wall into the blood. p. 592 |
| Allergy | A sensitivity to a substance that causes the body to react with signs or symptoms. p. 601 |
| Aspiration | Inhalation of fluid or an object into the lungs. p. 611 |
| Calorie | A unit of measure of the energy produced as the body burns food. p. 592 |
| Celiac disease | Negative physical reaction to a gluten protein found in wheat or related grains such as barley, rye, and sometimes oats. p. 610 |
| Cross-contamination | The spread of pathogens from one source to another. p. 605 |
| Daily value (DV) | How a food serving fits into the daily diet of an adult; expressed as a percentage based on recommended daily intake. p. 602 |
| Foodborne illness | An illness transmitted by contaminated food products. p. 605 |
| Gluten | A protein that has come from wheat or related grains, such as barley, oats, rye, triticale, kamut, or spelt. p. 610 |
| Ingestion | The process of taking food and fluids into the body. p. 592 |
| Intake | The amount of fluids taken in by the body. p. 614 |
| Nutrients | Substances that are ingested, digested, absorbed, and used by the body. p. 592 |
| Nutrition | Processes involved in the ingestion, digestion, absorption, and use of foods and fluids by the body. p. 592 |
| Output | The amount of fluids lost by the body. p. 614 |
| Chapter 28 | |
| Aspiration | The inhalation of fluid or an object into the lungs. p. 628 |
| Cannula | A type of plastic tubing threaded over a needle; once in place in the vein, the needle is withdrawn, leaving the cannula in place. Also called a catheter. p. 628 |
| Catheter | See cannula. p. 628 |
| Enteral nutrition | The giving of nutrients by way of the intestines (enteral). p. 625 |
| Gastro-jejunostomy tube | A combination device that includes access to both the stomach and the jejunum (the middle part of the small intestine). Also known as a GJ-tube. p. 625 |
| Gastrostomy tube | A tube inserted through an opening (stomy) into the stomach (gastro). Also known as a G-tube. p. 625 |
| Gavage | Tube feeding. p. 625 |
| Infiltration | Intravenous fluids entering surrounding tissues. p. 631 |
| Intravenous (IV) therapy | Fluids given through a needle or catheter inserted into a vein; also referred to as IV, IV therapy, and IV infusion. p. 628 |
| Jejunostomy tube | A tube inserted into the intestines through an opening (stomy) into the middle part of the small intestine (jejunum). Also known as a J-tube. p. 625 |
| Nasogastric (NG) tube | A tube inserted through the nose (naso) into the stomach (gastro). Also known as an NG-tube. p. 625 |
| Nasointestinal tube | A tube inserted through the nose (naso) into the small intestine (intestinal). p. 625 |
| Ostomy | A surgically created opening that is used to drain wastes or to feed the client. p. 626 |
| Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube | A tube inserted into the stomach (gastro) through a puncture wound (stomy) made through (per) the skin (cutaneous); a lighted instrument (scope) allows the physician to see inside the body cavity or organ (endo). p. 625 |
| Regurgitation | The backward flow of food from the stomach into the mouth. p. 628 |
| Chapter 29 | |
| Catheterization | The process of inserting a catheter. p. 650 |
| Condom catheter | A sheath that slides over the penis; tubing connects the catheter and drainage bag. p. 662 |
| Dehydration | A decrease in the amount of water in body tissues, which occurs when fluid output exceeds intake. p. 630 |
| Dysuria | Painful or difficult (dys) urination (uria). p. 640 |
| Foley catheter | See in-dwelling catheter. p. 650 |
| Fracture pan | A small, thin, rimmed bedpan that is about 1 cm deep at one end. Also called a slipper pan. p. 641 |
| Functional incontinence | Urinary incontinence caused by physical conditions or environmental barriers that prevent the client from reaching the toilet in time. p. 648 |
| Glucosuria | Glucose, a type of sugar (glucos) in the urine (uria). p. 669 |
| Hematuria | Blood (hemat) in the urine (uria). p. 640 |
| Ileal conduit | An artificial bladder made out of a section of the ileum. p. 673 |
| In-dwelling catheter | A tube (plastic, latex, or other material) that is inserted into the bladder through the urinary meatus and urethra. A balloon within the catheter that is inflated after insertion prevents the catheter from slipping out of the bladder. Also known as a Foley catheter or retention catheter. p. 650 |
| Ketones | A by-product of fatty acid metabolism. p. 669 |
| Micturition | See urination. p. 638 |
| Nocturia | Frequent urination (uria) at night (noct). p. 640 |
| Oliguria | Scant amount (olig) of urine (uria)—usually less than 500 mL in 24 hours. p. 640 |
| Overflow incontinence | The leaking of urine when the bladder is too full. p. 640 |
| Polyuria | The production of abnormally large amounts (poly) of urine (uria). p. 640 |
| Reflex incontinence | The loss of urine at predictable intervals. p. 648 |
| Retention catheter | See in-dwelling catheter. p. 650 |
| Slipper pan | See fracture pan. p. 641 |
| Stoma | A surgically created opening from a portion of the body cavity to the outside environment. p. 673 |
| Straight catheter | A catheter that is inserted to drain the bladder and is then removed. p. 650 |
| Stress incontinence | The leaking of urine during exercise and certain movements. p. 648 |
| Suprapubic catheter | A catheter that is surgically inserted into the bladder through the abdomen. p. 650 |
| Ureterostomy | An artificial opening (stomy) between the ureter (uretero) and the abdomen. p. 673 |
| Urge incontinence | The loss of urine in response to a sudden, urgent need to void. p. 648 |
| Urinary frequency | The need to urinate at frequent intervals. p. 640 |
| Urinary incontinence | The inability to control the passage of urine from the bladder; the loss of bladder control. p. 648 |
| Urinary output | The amount of urine a person excretes. Depending on the care plan, the client’s urinary output is measured and recorded after every hour, at the end of each shift, at the end of each day, or not at all. p. 638 |
| Urinary urgency | The need to void immediately. p. 640 |
| Urination | The process of emptying urine from the bladder. Also known as micturition or voiding. p. 638 |
| Voiding | See urination. p. 638 |
| Chapter 30 | |
| Colostomy | An artificial opening (stomy) between the colon (colo) and the abdominal wall. p. 689 |
| Commercial enema | A small-volume pre-packaged enema that is ready to administer and is designed to stimulate and distend the rectum and cause defecation. p. 685 |
| Constipation | A condition in which bowel movements are less frequent than usual; the stool is hard, dry, and difficult to pass. p. 682 |
| Defecation | The process of excreting feces from the rectum through the anus; bowel movement. p. 680 |
| Diarrhea | The frequent passage of liquid stools. p. 683 |
| Enema | The introduction of fluid into the rectum and lower colon. p. 685 |
| Fecal impaction | The prolonged retention and accumulation of feces in the rectum. p. 683 |
| Fecal incontinence | The inability to control the passage of feces and gas through the anus. Also known as anal incontinence. p. 684 |
| Feces | The semi-solid mass of waste products in the colon. p. 680 |
| Flatulence | The excessive formation of gas in the stomach and intestines. p. 684 |
| Flatus | Gas or air from the stomach or intestines passed through the anus. p. 684 |
| Hemorrhoids | Swollen veins in the anal canal. p. 683 |
| Ileostomy | An artificial opening (stomy) between the ileum (small intestine; ileo) and the abdominal wall. p. 689 |
| Melena | Dark, tarry stools containing decomposing blood. p. 691 |
| Stool | Excreted feces. p. 680 |
| Suppository | A cone-shaped, solid medication that is inserted into a body opening. p. 685 |
| Chapter 31 | |
| Adolescence | Ages approximately 12 to 18 years—the time between puberty and adulthood; a time of rapid growth and physical, sexual, psychological, and social maturity. p. 710 |
| Development | The maturation toward adulthood; usually characterized by physical changes and increased ability and functionality. p. 700 |
| Developmental task | An activity that must be mastered during a stage of development. p. 700 |
| Growth | Increase in physical size and weight that occurs in a slow and steady manner. p. 700 |
| Infancy | The first year of life, during which the body undergoes rapid physical, psychological, and social growth and development. p. 703 |
| Late adulthood | Begins approximately at the age of 65 years. This stage is characterized by adjusting to decreased physical strength and loss of health, retirement, and reduced income; coping with the death of a partner; developing new friends and relationships; and preparing for one’s own death. p. 714 |
| Late childhood | Ages 9 to 12 years; characterized by becoming independent of adults; developing and keeping friendships with peers; understanding the physical, psychological, and social roles and challenges of one’s identified gender; developing moral and ethical behaviour; developing greater muscular strength, coordination, and balance; and learning how to study. p. 707 |
| Menarche | The time when menstruation first begins. p. 710 |
| Menopause | The time when menstruation stops. p. 714 |
| Middle adulthood | Ages approximately 40 to 65 years; characterized by seeing one’s children growing up and moving away from home, adjusting to physical changes, developing leisure activities, and relating to and perhaps caring for aging parents. p. 713 |
| Middle childhood | Ages 6 to 8 years; characterized by developing the social and physical skills needed for playing games; learning to get along with peers; learning behaviours and attitudes considered normative to one’s gender; learning basic reading, writing, and arithmetic skills; developing a conscience and morals; and developing a good feeling and attitude about oneself. p. 708 |
| Need | Something that is necessary or desirable for maintaining life and psychosocial well-being. p. 701 |
| Newborn | A baby, up to 28 days after birth; also called a neonate. p. 703 |
| Preschool | Ages 3 to 5 years; characterized by gaining an increasing ability to communicate and understand others, becoming able to perform self-care activities, learning the differences between the genders, learning to distinguish right from wrong, learning to play with others, and developing family relationships. p. 706 |
| Puberty | The period when the reproductive organs begin to function and secondary sex characteristics appear. p. 710 |
| Reflex | An involuntary movement in response to a stimulus. p. 704 |
| Self-actualization | Realizing one’s full potential. p. 703 |
| Sexual orientation | Whether a person’s physical and emotional arousal is to people of the same or opposite sex, or both. p. 711 |
| Toddlerhood | Ages 1 to 3 years; characterized by tolerating separation from the primary caregiver, gaining control of bowel and bladder functions, using words to communicate, and starting to assert independence. p. 705 |
| Young adulthood | Ages approximately 18 to 40 years; characterized by choosing an education and an occupation, selecting and learning to live with a partner, becoming a parent and raising children, and developing a satisfactory sex life. p. 712 |
| Chapter 32 | |
| Active immunity | Natural acquisition of an illness, resulting in the body developing the antibodies to protect a person from getting it again. p. 743 |
| Anatomical position | The body standing erect, with the feet shoulder-width apart, face forward, arms at the sides, and palms of the hands facing forward. p. 720 |
| Arteries | Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. p. 739 |
| Arteriole | The smallest branch of an artery. p. 739 |
| Ball-and-socket joints | Joints that allow movement in all directions. They are made up of the rounded end of one bone and the hollow end of another bone. The rounded end of one fits into the hollow end of the other. p. 727 |
| Capillaries | The smallest form of blood vessels and the site of nutrient, gas, and waste exchange between cells and the bloodstream. p. 739 |
| Cartilage | Connective tissue that cushions the joint so that bone ends do not rub together. p. 725 |
| Cell | The basic functional unit of body structure and function. p. 720 |
| Chemical digestion | The chemical breakdown of food into small nutrient parts that the body can absorb and utilize. p. 745 |
| Condyloid joint | A joint formed when the oval articular surface of one bone fits into the oval depression of the second articulating bone, such as at the wrist and the knuckles at the base of the fingers. p. 727 |
| Deep | Away from the surface or further into the body. p. 721 |
| Digestion | The process of physically and chemically breaking down food into nutrients that can be absorbed for use by the cells. p. 744 |
| Gliding joint | A joint between two corresponding flat bones held in place by ligaments that glide past one another in any direction along the plane of the joint—up and down, left and right, or diagonally. This movement ensures the bones have limited but complex gliding movements. Gliding joints are found in the wrist, ankle joints, and the vertebral column. p. 727 |
| Hemoglobin | The substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen and gives blood its colour. p. 737 |
| Hinge joints | Joints that allow movement in one direction around a single axis (e.g., elbow joint). p. 727 |
| Homeostasis | A steady state or stable internal environment maintained when all of the organ systems in the human body work together. p. 722 |
| Hormone | A chemical substance produced by the cells of specialized glands and secreted into the bloodstream. p. 735 |
| Immunity | Protection against a disease or condition. p. 742 |
| Inferior | Situated below another structure or toward the lower part of the body. p. 721 |
| Isotonic solution | The solution of 0.09% NaCl (sodium chloride or salt) and water which makes up all the entire body’s cells and bodily fluids. p. 720 |
| Mastication | The first step of digestion in which food is bitten, chewed, crushed, and ground by the teeth and muscles of the jaw. p. 744 |
| Mechanical digestion | Physically breaking down large food particles into smaller pieces. p. 745 |
| Menstruation | The process in which the lining of the uterus breaks up and is discharged from the body through the vagina. p. 749 |
| Metabolism | The chemical processes carried out by the cells of the body that create and use energy and produce cellular waste products as a result. p. 736 |
| Midline | An imaginary line that divides the body into right and left sides. p. 721 |
| Nonspecific immunity | The body’s reaction to anything it does not recognize as a normal body substance. p. 742 |
| Organs | Structures made of different tissues that are arranged to perform a specialized function. p. 722 |
| Organ systems | Organs that work together to perform special functions. p. 722 |
| Passive immunity | A short-lived immunity passed from mother to fetus through the placenta and from the mother to the baby through breast milk. p. 743 |
| Peripheral | Away from the centre of the body. p. 721 |
| Peristalsis | The smooth muscle contraction that involuntarily pushes food forward in the digestive tract in one direction in a wavelike motion. p. 744 |
| Pivot joints | Joints that allow turning from side to side. p. 727 |
| Saddle joint | Joints that allow for a wide range of motion between two articulating saddle-shaped bones, such as at the base of the thumb. p. 727 |
| Secretion | The release of a substance either into or out of the body after normal body functions. p. 721 |
| Specific immunity | The ability of an organism to resist or overcome an infection or illness against a certain disease or infection caused by a pathogen or antigenic substance. p. 743 |
| Superficial | Near the surface of the body. p. 721 |
| Superior | Situated above another structure or toward the upper part of the body. p. 721 |
| Tissue | A group of similar cells with a common function. p. 721 |
| Veins | Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. p. 739 |
| Venules | The smallest form of veins. The venules drain blood from the capillaries and come together to form the veins. p. 739 |
| Chapter 33 | |
| acquired brain injury (ABI) | Damage to brain tissue caused by disease, medical condition, accident, or violence. Also known as traumatic brain injury. p. 784 |
| acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) | A human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection that has progressed, usually because it was not treated. p. 800 |
| amputation | The removal of all or part of an extremity. p. 777 |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | A degenerative disease characterized by loss of the motor neurons, with progressive weakness and atrophy of the muscles of the hands, forearms, and legs, spreading to involve most of the body and face. Also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease. p. 787 |
| aneurysm | A localized dilation of the wall of an artery or heart chamber. p. 784 |
| angina pectoris | Chest (pectoris) pain (angina) caused by ischemia, a lack of blood supply to the heart muscle, which is usually caused by an obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries because of coronary artery disease. p. 793 |
| arrhythmia | Abnormal (a) heart rhythm (rhythmia). p. 796 |
| arthritis | Joint (arthr) inflammation (itis). p. 779 |
| arthroplasty | Surgical replacement (plasty) of a joint (arthro). p. 779 |
| asthma | A respiratory disorder characterized by recurring episodes of paroxysmal dyspnea (intermittent spasms of shortness of breath); wheezing on expiration, inspiration, or both, caused by constriction (narrowing) of bronchi; coughing; and thick bronchial secretions of mucus. p. 797 |
| athlete’s foot | A highly contagious fungal skin infection that causes the affected foot to peel, burn, itch, and turn red. p. 769 |
| benign | Noncancerous. p. 766 |
| benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) | An enlarged prostate gland. p. 807 |
| boil | See furuncle. p. 769 |
| cancer | A group of diseases characterized by out-of-control cell division and growth, which can occur in many body systems. p. 766 |
| carrier | A person who carries a pathogen within their body that can be transmitted to others yet who remains healthy because of a strong immune response. p. 757 |
| celiac disease | An inborn metabolic disorder that results in the inability to tolerate gluten protein, which is found in wheat, oats, and barley. p. 803 |
| chickenpox | An illness caused by the varicella-zoster virus that primarily occurs during childhood; diagnosed by the presence of fever and painful vesicles (fluid-filled sacs) throughout the body. p. 759 |
| cholecystitis | Inflammation (itis) of the gallbladder (cholecyst). p. 803 |
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | A persistent lung disorder that obstructs (blocks) the airways; refers to chronic bronchitis and emphysema. p. 797 |
| cirrhosis | Persistent liver disease characterized by normal liver cells being replaced by scar tissue. p. 803 |
| colitis | Inflammation (itis) of the colon (col). p. 804 |
| communicable disease | A disease caused by transmitting disease-causing pathogens from one person to another by direct contact, indirect contact, airborne transmission, vehicle transmission, or vector transmission and that usually spreads easily. Also known as contagious disease, communicable illness, infectious illness, or infectious disease. p. 755 |
| communicable phase | The period when a person is infectious and can spread pathogens to others. p. 757 |
| congestive heart failure (CHF) | An abnormal condition that occurs when the heart cannot pump blood normally. Blood backs up and causes an abnormal amount (congestion) of fluid in the tissues. Also known as heart failure. p. 795 |
| contagious disease | See communicable disease. p. 755 |
| coronary artery disease (CAD) | A condition of impaired cardiac pumping due to narrowed or blocked arteries. p. 793 |
| Crohn’s disease | A persistent inflammatory bowel disease of unknown origin, usually affecting the ileum, the colon, or another part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. p. 804 |
| cyst | An abnormal, closed sac, which may contain air, fluids, or semi-solid material. p. 769 |
| cystitis | A bladder (cyst) infection (itis). p. 805 |
| cystocele | Prolapse of the bladder. p. 807 |
| dehydration | A decrease in the amount of water in body tissues, which occurs when fluid output exceeds intake. p. 791 |
| dermatitis | Inflammation (itis) of the skin (derma) caused by direct contact with an irritating or allergy-causing substance. p. 770 |
| diabetes | A metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels) and resulting from low levels of insulin or a resistance to insulin’s effect at a cellular level. p. 788 |
| Chapter 34 | |
| age-related macular degeneration (AMD; ARMD) | The breakdown (degeneration) of the macula (the light-sensitive part of the retina). AMD is a disease associated with aging that gradually destroys sharp, central vision. p. 819 |
| auditory processing disorder (APD) | When children or adults who are labelled “poor listeners” have normal hearing abilities but experience a disconnect between what is heard and what is understood; the brain interprets what it hears as if there were some delay or distortion in the sound. p. 817 |
| Braille | A writing system for visually impaired persons that uses raised dots for each letter of the alphabet. p. 823 |
| cataract | Clouding of the eye’s lens. p. 821 |
| cerumen | Ear wax. p. 814 |
| cochlear implant | A medical device to improve hearing in people who have a significant hearing impairment and who cannot benefit from regular hearing aids. This device has two parts: (1) an implant, which is placed into the inner ear during surgery, and (2) a sound processor, which is worn behind the ear like a hearing aid. p. 817 |
| diabetic retinopathy | A disorder (pathy) caused by diabetes, in which the blood vessels in the retina are damaged. p. 820 |
| glaucoma | An eye disease that causes pressure within the eye and vision impairment. p. 821 |
| Ménière’s disease | An inner ear disorder that can affect both hearing and balance. p. 814 |
| otosclerosis | A condition (osis) in which hardening (sclero) of the ossicles in the middle ear (oto) occurs, interfering with transmission of sound. p. 814 |
| presbycusis | The gradual hearing (cusis) impairment associated with aging (presby). p. 814 |
| presbyopia | The gradual inability to focus (opia) on close objects; a condition associated with aging (presby). p. 821 |
| retinal detachment | The separation of the retina from its supporting tissue. p. 820 |
| tinnitus | Ringing in the ear. p. 814 |
| vertigo | Dizziness. p. 814 |
| Chapter 35 | |
| aphasia | Partial or complete loss (a) of speech and language skills (phasia), whether it is understanding the words or trying to say them correctly; caused by brain injury. p. 830 |
| apraxia of speech | Inability (a) to correctly move (praxia) the muscles used to speak, even though the muscles themselves are intact. Apraxia is usually caused by a brain injury. p. 831 |
| dysarthria | Difficulty (dys) speaking clearly (arthria), because of weakness or paralysis in the muscles used for speech. p. 831 |
| expressive aphasia | Difficulty speaking or writing. p. 830 |
| expressive–receptive aphasia | Difficulty speaking and understanding language. Also known as global aphasia. p. 831 |
| global aphasia | See expressive–receptive aphasia. p. 831 |
| receptive aphasia | Difficulty understanding language. p. 830 |
| Chapter 36 | |
| attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | A disorder that causes inappropriate levels of inattention as well as hyperactive and impulsive behaviour. p. 841 |
| autism spectrum disorder (ASD) | A neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs a person’s ability to communicate and interact with others. It can include restricted repetitive behaviours, interests, and activities. p. 844 |
| cerebral palsy (CP) | A disorder affecting muscle control (palsy) caused by an injury or abnormality in the motor region of the brain (cerebral). p. 845 |
| cognitive disability | See intellectual disability. p. 849 |
| developmental disability | A permanent disability that a person is born with or that begins before 18 years of age. p. 840 |
| diplegia | Loss of ability to move (plegia) corresponding parts on both (di) sides of the body; both arms or both legs are affected. p. 846 |
| Down syndrome (DS) | A congenital disorder caused by an extra chromosome; DS results in varying degrees of intellectual disability. p. 846 |
| fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) | A group of physical and mental abnormalities that occur in children as a result of alcohol consumption by the birth parent during pregnancy. p. 846 |
| fragile X syndrome | The most common form of inherited developmental disorder. p. 842 |
| intellectual disability | Impaired ability to learn. Also known as cognitive disability. p. 849 |
| seizure | Brief disturbance in the brain’s normal electrical function; affects awareness, movement, and sensation. p. 847 |
| spastic | Uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. p. 845 |
| spina bifida | A congenital disorder caused by improper closing of the spine before birth. p. 850 |
| tonic–clonic seizure | A seizure involving convulsions. p. 847 |
| Chapter 37 | |
| affect | A person’s feelings, emotions, and moods and the way the person demonstrates them. p. 870 |
| anxiety | A vague, uneasy feeling in response to stress. p. 866 |
| anxiety disorders | A group of mental health disorders whose main symptom is anxiety, with fears and worries so disproportionate to the situation as to affect normal functioning. p. 866 |
| bipolar and related disorders | A group of related brain disorders that cause unusual shifts in a person’s mood, energy, and ability to function. p. 869 |
| clinical depression | See major depressive disorders. p. 870 |
| compulsion | The uncontrollable urge to perform an act. p. 879 |
| conduct disorder | A disorder that causes the person to repeatedly violate the personal or property rights of others and the basic expectations of society. p. 875 |
| delusion | A fixed, false belief that is not based on reality. p. 881 |
| depressive disorders | A group of disorders in which the client has sad, empty, or irritable moods accompanied by physical and thought changes that are severe enough to affect the client’s ability to function. p. 870 |
| detoxification | A process of allowing an abused substance to exit the body naturally or of removing the substance from the body medically; the person being detoxified may go into drug withdrawal. p. 884 |
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) | A manual published by the American Psychiatric Association that is used throughout North America to classify mental health disorders. p. 859 |
| disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders | Disorders in which the client displays difficult, disruptive, aggressive, or antisocial behaviours. p. 873 |
| drug tolerance | The state at which the body gets accustomed to a substance, causing the individual to need larger and larger amounts of it to experience the same effect. p. 884 |
| drug withdrawal | A physical reaction that occurs when a person abusing a substance stops taking it. p. 884 |
| emotional illness | See mental health disorder. p. 860 |
| feeding and eating disorders | Altered body image perceptions that lead to disturbances in eating behaviours and an abnormal concern with body weight and shape. p. 876 |
| hallucination | Seeing, smelling, hearing, tasting, or feeling something that is not real. p. 881 |
| major depressive disorder | A state of mind in which a person has severe feelings of worthlessness, self-blame, sadness, disappointment, and emptiness that last for weeks and interfere with the person’s ability to perform activities of daily living; also known as clinical depression, although this term is not used anymore by physicians. p. 870 |
| mental disorder | See mental health disorder. p. 859 |
| mental health | A state of mind in which a person copes with and adjusts to the stressors of everyday living in socially acceptable ways. p. 860 |
| mental health disorder | A disturbance in a person’s ability to cope with or adjust to stress, affecting the person’s thinking, mood, or behaviours and impairing functioning; also known as mental illness, mental disorder, emotional illness, or psychiatric disorder. p. 859 |
| mental illness | See mental health disorder. p. 860 |
| obsession | A persistent thought or desire. p. 878 |
| obsessive–compulsive and related disorders | Mental health disorders characterized by recurrent obsessions and compulsions that interfere with a person’s daily life and relationships. p. 878 |
| panic | An intense and sudden feeling of fear, anxiety, terror, or dread for no obvious reason. p. 866 |
| paranoia | Extreme suspicion about a person or a situation. p. 881 |
| personality disorders | A group of disorders involving rigid and socially unacceptable behaviours. p. 880 |
| psychiatric disorder | See mental health disorder. p. 860 |
| psychosis | A mental state in which a person’s perception of reality is impaired. p. 881 |
| psychotherapy | A form of therapy in which a client explores thoughts, feelings, and behaviours with help and guidance from a mental health specialist. p. 862 |
| reactive depression | A term that some health care providers use to describe normal reactions, such as feelings of loss and sadness in response to what a person has just experienced. p. 870 |
| remission | A period when the signs and symptoms of a disease lessen or disappear. p. 882 |
| repression | The keeping from the conscious mind of (or “burying of”) unpleasant or painful thoughts. p. 860 |
| schizophrenia spectrum disorders | An extremely complex group of mental health disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disturbances in thinking, and withdrawal from social activity. p. 881 |
| self-harm | Inflicting harm on oneself in order to deal with feelings of anxiety, depression, numbness, loss of control, self-anger, or to regain emotional control over oneself. p. 882 |
| sleep–wake disorders | Conditions in which repetitive disturbed sleep patterns lead to distress and impairment in that person’s daytime functioning. p. 883 |
| stigma | Social shame associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person. p. 863 |
| substance-related and addictive disorder | The deliberate misuse of and inability to stop the abuse of prescription medications, illegal drugs, alcohol, or other substances. p. 884 |
| suicidal behaviour disorder | A disorder whose main trait is recurrent thoughts about or a preoccupation with ending one’s own life. p. 885 |
| trauma and stressor-related disorders | Anxiety disorders that can develop after an individual has experienced or witnessed a major trauma. p. 867 |
| Chapter 38 | |
| Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) | A progressive, degenerative disease that gradually destroys nerve cells (neurons) in most areas of the brain and causes thinking and memory to become seriously impaired; the most common form of dementia. p. 818 |
| apathy | An absence of emotional feeling, which appears as indifference. p. 895 |
| apraxia | Impairment of the skilled motor system, resulting in loss of being able to perform learned, purposeful movements, including activities of daily living (bathing, brushing teeth, and so on). p. 897 |
| cognitive function | Brain function involving the memory, thinking, reasoning, understanding, judgement, and behaviour functions of the brain. p. 893 |
| cognitive impairment | The loss of the ability to remember, think, reason, understand, or live independently. p. 893 |
| confusion | See disorientation. p. 893 |
| cueing | Providing prompting in order to assist a client to complete a task. This prompting can be in the form of hand gestures, facial expressions, or verbal phrases. p. 907 |
| delirium | A state of temporary mental disorientation that can occur suddenly. p. 895 |
| dementia | A general term that describes the progressive loss of brain functions, which include cognitive and social functions. It is not a single disease but a group of illnesses that involve memory, behaviour, learning, and communication. Dementia is categorized as being either a mild or major neurocognitive disorder, depending on its symptoms. p. 896 |
| dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) | One of the most common types of progressive dementia. The central feature of DLB is progressive cognitive decline, combined with three additional defining features: (1) severe fluctuations in alertness and attention, (2) recurrent visual hallucinations, and (3) Parkinson’s disease–like motor symptoms. p. 900 |
| disorientation | Mental confusion, or an impaired ability to recall people, time, or places as a result of (or any combination of) physiological changes to the brain, disease process, or substance-induced factors. Also known as confusion. p. 893 |
| euphoria | An exaggerated or abnormal expression of physical or emotional well-being that is not based on reality or truth. p. 895 |
| Gentle Persuasive Approaches (GPA) | A program designed to train care providers in techniques used to handle and cope respectfully, effectively, and safely with responsive behaviours (e.g., grabbing, biting, and hitting) that are associated with dementias such as Alzheimer’s disease. The program prepares care providers for vulnerable care situations and for avoiding potential workplace injury. p. 915 |
| hoarding | Collecting things and putting them away in a guarded manner. p. 920 |
| neurocognitive disorder | A significant decline in attention, functioning, learning, memory, language, deliberate motor movement, and social functioning. p. 896 |
| primary dementia | Dementia that does not result from any other disease. p. 898 |
| pseudo-dementia | False (pseudo) dementia. Pseudo-dementia occurs when severe depression causes cognitive changes that mimic dementia. p. 902 |
| responsive behaviours | Behaviours, gestures, actions, and words that usually originate as a response to an illness, infection, or physical discomfort (e.g., in clients with dementia). p. 914 |
| secondary dementia | Dementia that occurs as a result of a physical disease, ingestion of damaging substances, or injury. p. 901 |
| sundowning | A condition in which the signs, symptoms, and behaviours of dementia increase at bedtime or during hours of darkness. p. 917 |
| validation therapy | A type of therapy for people with dementia that focuses on empathy and advocates accepting the affected person’s perception of reality. p. 915 |
| Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) | A brain disorder caused by lack of thiamine (vitamin B1); it affects the nervous system, including the brain, and is usually associated with heavy alcohol consumption over a long period. p. 902 |
| Chapter 39 | |
| airway | The pathway that air takes as it enters the body and goes into the lungs. p. 928 |
| apnea | The lack or absence (a) of breathing (pnea). p. 932 |
| atelectasis | When a portion of the lung collapses after mucus collects in a section of the airway, preventing air from entering that part of the lung. p. 935 |
| bradypnea | Slow (brady) breathing (pnea); respirations are fewer than 12 per minute. p. 932 |
| chest percussion | A technique that loosens thick, sticky mucus that is trapped in the lungs so it can move into the larger airways. It is done by holding the hands in a cupped position and clapping the client’s chest in a forceful but steady beat, moving from the distal areas of the chest toward the main bronchus (also known as chest clapping). p. 946 |
| chest tube | A hollow plastic tube surgically inserted into the chest cavity, which allows for the removal of trapped air (pneumothorax) and the drainage of blood or fluid (hemothorax or pleural effusion). p. 954 |
| Cheyne–Stokes | Respirations that gradually increase in rate and depth and then become shallow and slow; breathing may stop (apnea) for 10 to 20 seconds. p. 932 |
| cyanosis | An abnormal condition, evidenced by bluish colour in the skin, lips, mucous membranes, and nail beds, caused by a lack of oxygenated blood in the visible tissues. p. 933 |
| distilled water | Sterile and pure water that has been boiled and allowed to cool and condense. p. 943 |
| eupnea | Normal breathing. p. 932 |
| face mask | A mask used to deliver oxygen that covers the client’s nose and mouth. p. 942 |
| flowmeter | A device that regulates the flow of oxygen to the nasal cannula or face mask. p. 940 |
| flow rate | The volume of a substance, such as oxygen or fluids, administered over a prescribed period. p. 942 |
| hemoptysis | Bloody (hemo) sputum (ptysis, meaning “to spit”). p. 931 |
| humidified oxygen | Oxygen that contains water vapour. p. 943 |
| hyperventilation | Respirations that are more rapid (hyper) and deeper than normal. p. 932 |
| hypoventilation | Respirations that are slow (hypo), shallow, and sometimes irregular. p. 932 |
| hypoxia | A deficiency (hypo) of oxygen in the cells (oxia). p. 932 |
| intubation | The process of inserting an artificial airway. p. 947 |
| Kussmaul respiration | Deep, rapid respiration characteristic of diabetic acidosis or other conditions causing acidosis. p. 932 |
| mechanical ventilation | The use of a ventilator to move air into and out of the lungs. p. 953 |
| nasal cannula | A flexible tube inserted into the nares of the nose to deliver oxygen. p. 940 |
| orthopnea | Shortness of breath (dyspnea) when lying in a flat or supine position; ability to breathe comfortably (pnea) only when sitting or standing (ortho). p. 932 |
| orthopneic position | Sitting up (ortho) and leaning over a table to breathe. p. 933 |
| oxygen-conserving devices | Devices that help reduce oxygen wastage. p. 939 |
| pollutant | A harmful chemical or substance in air or water. p. 931 |
| respiratory arrest | Stoppage of breathing. p. 930 |
| respiratory depression | Slow, weak respirations at a rate of fewer than 12 per minute; respirations are not deep enough to bring enough air into the lungs. p. 930 |
| respiratory therapist | A regulated professional who evaluates, treats, and maintains heart and lung function and helps the client to keep breathing. p. 929 |
| SOB | Acronym for “short of breath.” p. 931 |
| SOBOE | Acronym for “short of breath on exertion.” p. 931 |
| sputum | Mucus from the respiratory system that is expectorated (expelled) through the mouth. p. 946 |
| suctioning | The process of withdrawing or sucking up fluid (secretions). p. 952 |
| tachypnea | Rapid (tachy) breathing (pnea); respirations are 24 or more per minute. p. 932 |
| tracheostomy | A surgically created opening (ostomy) through the neck into the trachea (tracheo). p. 949 |
| ventilator | A machine used to provide airflow into and out of the lungs. p. 953 |
| Chapter 40 | |
| aquathermia pad | A waterproof plastic or rubber pad that can be applied to areas of muscle sprain, edema, or mild inflammation in place of a heating pad or cold pack. p. 967 |
| bean bag | See heating bag. p. 964 |
| blanket warmers | Warming cabinets designed to heat bed linens. p. 961 |
| cold pack | A commercial or homemade cold application; may be moist or dry. p. 970 |
| compress | A soft pad that is moistened and applied over a body area. p. 966 |
| compression bandage | A bandage designed to provide pressure to a particular area. Also known as a tensor bandage. p. 970 |
| constrict | To squeeze or make narrow. p. 969 |
| dilate | To expand or open wider. p. 961 |
| frostbite | A medical condition in which skin and other tissues are damaged by extreme cold. p. 969 |
| gel pack | A commercially produced hot-and-cold pack designed to keep its temperature over a period of time. p. 967 |
| heating bag | (also called wheat bag or bean bag) A type of bag that provides dry heat and is heated in a microwave. Trade names for this product include Magic Bag. p. 964 |
| RICE | An acronym for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevate as a method of treating recent injuries. p. 970 |
| sitz bath | A shallow plastic bathtub, filled with warm water, designed to keep the buttocks and hips immersed while the person is in the sitting position. p. 970 |
| wheat bag | See heating bag. p. 964 |
| Chapter 41 | |
| Caesarean section | A surgical incision into the abdominal and uterine walls; the baby is delivered through the incision. p. 980 |
| cervical mucus | A viscous discharge secreted by the glands in the cervix. p. 979 |
| circumcision | The surgical removal of foreskin from the penis. p. 996 |
| congenital | Present at birth. p. 986 |
| cradle cap | (seborrheic dermatitis) A skin condition in which yellowish, scaly, or crusty patches, made up largely of oil and dead skin cells, appear on the scalp. p. 985 |
| engorged breasts | Breasts that are overfilled with milk, which makes them swollen, hard, and painful. p. 980 |
| episiotomy | An incision made in the perineum to increase the size of the vaginal opening for delivery of the baby. p. 979 |
| jaundice | A yellowing of the skin and the white part (sclera) of the eyes. p. 987 |
| lactation | The process of producing and secreting milk from the breast. p. 980 |
| leukocytes | White blood cells that are part of the blood; the cells are part of the immune system that fight infection. p. 979 |
| lochia | Postpartum vaginal discharge that begins as a bloody discharge and then changes in colour and decreases in amount after 4 to 6 weeks. p. 978 |
| mastitis | An infection (itis) of the breast (mast). p. 981 |
| postpartum | After (post) childbirth (partum). p. 978 |
| postpartum blues | Feelings of sadness or mild depression in the birth parent during the first 2 weeks after childbirth; also called baby blues. p. 981 |
| postpartum depression | Major depression in the birth parent at any point during the first year after childbirth. p. 981 |
| postpartum psychosis | The most severe form of postpartum depression; the birth parent may experience delusions, hallucinations, and suicidal thoughts. p. 981 |
| sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) | The sudden, unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant under 1 year of age. p. 984 |
| thrush | A common yeast infection that resembles cottage cheese or milk curds and is found on the sides, roof, and sometimes the tongue of a baby’s mouth. p. 985 |
| toxic shock syndrome (TSS) | A rare, often life-threatening illness that develops suddenly after an infection. p. 979 |
| umbilical cord | The structure that carries blood, oxygen, and nutrients from the birth parent to the fetus. p. 995 |
| Chapter 42 | |
| conjunctivitis | An inflammation of the clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye and lines the inner surface of the eyelids. The nonmedical term is pink eye. p. 1014 |
| ear infection | See otitis media. p. 1014 |
| eustachian tube | The tiny drainage pipe in the middle ear. p. 1014 |
| gastroenteritis | More commonly and incorrectly known as “stomach flu,” this illness causes vomiting and diarrhea and can lead to dehydration, particularly in very young children and frail older people. p. 1014 |
| negative reinforcement | Encouraging a behaviour by penalizing the person when that behaviour is not demonstrated. p. 1013 |
| obesity | Excess fat accumulation that puts a person’s health at risk. p. 1008 |
| otitis media | Infection (itis) of the middle (media) ear (ot), caused by either a virus or bacteria. Also known as ear infection. p. 1014 |
| pink eye | See conjunctivitis. p. 1014 |
| positive reinforcement | Encouraging a behaviour by rewarding the desired behaviour after it is demonstrated. p. 1013 |
| Reye’s syndrome | A rare but potentially fatal disease that causes inflammation of the brain, which can occur during the recovery stage of flu or chicken pox. It has been seen in children who take Aspirin. p. 1010 |
| strep throat | A throat that is infected with streptococci. p. 1014 |
| streptococci | (singular, streptococcus) A type of bacteria that cause strep throat and other medical conditions. p. 1014 |
| upper respiratory infections (URIs) | The medical term for colds and other viral illnesses that affect the throat, nose, and sinuses. p. 1014 |
| Chapter 43 | |
| atrophy | A decrease in size or wasting away of tissue. p. 1027 |
| centenarian | A person who is 100 years of age or older. p. 1020 |
| dysphagia | Difficulty (dys) swallowing (phagia). p. 1028 |
| dyspnea | Difficult, laboured, or painful breathing. p. 1027 |
| geriatrics | The branch of medicine that provides care for older persons. p. 1020 |
| gerontology | The study of the aging process. p. 1020 |
| Chapter 44 | |
| cytotoxic contamination | Items that have come into direct contact with cytotoxic drugs or a client who is receiving them can still pose potential serious health risks to others for up to 7 days after discontinuation of the medication. Examples of items include incontinence products, toileting surfaces, eating utensils, linen, and clothing. p. 1034 |
| home management | The cleaning and organizing of a home. p. 1034 |
| laundry care symbols | Symbols on garment tags that indicate how to launder or care for specific garments. p. 1045 |
| mildew | The black discoloration caused by mould. p. 1045 |
| mould | A microscopic fungal parasite. p. 1045 |
| Chapter 45 | |
| adverse effect | A dangerous or unwanted side effect of a medication. p. 1068 |
| alternative remedies | Herbal or other “natural” products that do not require a physician’s prescription. p. 1063 |
| anaphylaxis | A severe allergic reaction that occurs rapidly and causes a life-threatening response involving the whole body. p. 1068 |
| antigen | A substance, usually a protein, that the body recognizes as foreign and that can evoke an immune response. p. 1068 |
| antineoplastic drugs | A category of cytotoxic drugs that is used to control or kill cancer and other fast-dividing cells. Also called chemotherapy drugs. p. 1066 |
| blister pack | A transparent moulded piece of plastic with multiple compartments, sealed to a sheet of cardboard with a foil backing, used to package individual-dose medications. Also known as a bubble pack. p. 1058 |
| chemotherapy drugs | See antineoplastic drugs. p. 1066 |
| cytotoxic drugs | A range of drugs that inhibit or prevent the function of certain cells within the body. Antineoplastic drugs are the most common type (often used in chemotherapy), although others are used to treat noncancerous conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. p. 1066 |
| distribution | The path the drug takes from the bloodstream to the body tissues of the intended site of action. p. 1061 |
| dosette | Container that stores medications in separate compartments arranged by day or hour. Also known as a pillbox. p. 1058 |
| drug antagonism | An unusually weak drug effect that occurs when two or more drugs are taken at the same time. p. 1061 |
| drug interaction | The combined action that a medication and another substance (such as another drug, alcohol, or food) has on the body. p. 1061 |
| drug synergism | An unusually strong drug effect that occurs when taking two or more drugs at the same time. p. 1061 |
| excretion | Exiting from the body, especially through the stool, urine, lungs, or skin. p. 1061 |
| generic name of a drug | The name given to a drug approved by Health Canada. It is also known as the “official name” of a drug. p. 1064 |
| medication | A drug or other substance that causes a specific effect on the body and is prescribed for and taken by people to obtain various desired results in the body. It is used to prevent or treat disease or illness. p. 1059 |
| metabolization | Chemical reactions that take place to convert a drug from smaller molecules into waste products before it can exit the body. p. 1061 |
| metered-dose inhaler (MDI) | A pressurized canister of medication that releases a single dose of medication as a mist. p. 1063 |
| over-the-counter (OTC) medication | A medication that can be bought without a physician’s or nurse practitioner’s prescription. p. 1063 |
| polypharmacy | The use of more medications by a client than is medically required. p. 1061 |
| prescription (Rx) medication | A medication that is prescribed by a physician or nurse practitioner and dispensed by a pharmacist. p. 1063 |
| route | How a medication enters and is absorbed by the body. p. 1061 |
| side effect | A response to a medication that occurs in addition to the intended or main response. p. 1064 |
| therapeutic effect | Causing a desired, positive effect in the body. p. 1067 |
| trade name of a drug | The name given to a drug by the manufacturer. Also known as proprietary name. p. 1064 |
| Chapter 46 | |
| admission | Official entry of a client into a hospital or other health care facility. p. 1089 |
| anaesthesia | The loss of feeling or sensation, produced by a medication that blocks pain impulses to the brain. p. 1103 |
| discharge | Official departure of a client from a hospital or other health care facility. p. 1090 |
| elective surgery | Surgery that is scheduled but nonurgent. p. 1097 |
| embolus | An air bubble, blood clot (thrombus), or fat clot that travels through the vascular system until it lodges in a distant vessel. p. 1105 |
| emergency surgery | Surgery that must be done immediately to save a client’s life or prevent permanent disability. p. 1103 |
| general anaesthesia | Unconsciousness and the loss of feeling or sensation produced by a medication. p. 1103 |
| laryngeal mirror | An instrument used to examine the mouth, teeth, and throat. p. 1093 |
| lithotomy position | A back-lying position in which the hips are brought down to the edge of the examination table, the knees are flexed, the hips are externally rotated, and the feet are supported in stirrups. p. 1094 |
| local anaesthesia | The loss of sensation in a small area, produced by a medication injected at the specific site or by a topical application. p. 1103 |
| nasal speculum | An instrument used to examine the inside of the nose. p. 1093 |
| ophthalmoscope | A lighted instrument used to examine the internal structures of the eye. p. 1092 |
| otoscope | A lighted instrument used to examine the external ear and the eardrum (tympanic membrane). p. 1092 |
| percussion hammer | An instrument used to tap body parts to test reflexes. Also known as reflex hammer. p. 1092 |
| postoperative | After surgery. p. 1103 |
| preoperative | Before surgery. p. 1098 |
| reflex hammer | See percussion hammer. p. 1092 |
| regional anaesthesia | The loss of sensation or feeling in a large area of the body, produced by the injection of a medication. p. 1103 |
| thrombus | A blood clot that forms in a blood vessel, which has the potential to become an embolus. p. 1105 |
| tuning fork | An instrument used to test hearing. p. 1093 |
| urgent surgery | Surgery that must be done soon to prevent further damage, disability, or disease. p. 1097 |
| vaginal speculum | An instrument used to open the vagina so that it and the cervix can be examined. p. 1092 |
| Chapter 47 | |
| grief | The process of moving from deep sorrow caused by loss toward healing and recovery. p. 1119 |
| grief counselling | A support for people coping with the difficulties associated with the loss of a loved one. p. 1121 |
| postmortem care | Care of the body after (post) death (mortem). p. 1123 |
| rigor mortis | The stiffness or rigidity (rigor) of skeletal muscles that occurs after death (mortis). p. 1124 |
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